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Glossary

Index case (or primary case)

The initial patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation, or more

generally, the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be

described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient is thought to be the first

person affected.

 

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Incubation period

The time between the infection (efficient entry of a pathogen into the susceptible host)

and the manifestation of the disease.

 

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Incidence rate

A measure of the frequency with which new cases of illness, injury, or another health

condition occur, expressed explicitly per a time frame and given space. Incidence rate

is calculated as the number of new cases over a specified period divided either by the

average population (usually mid-period) or by the cumulative person-time the

population was at risk

 

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Impression management

Efforts by individuals to improve how they appear to others. Creating a positive image

of oneself in order to influence the perceptions of others. (1)

 

(1) Glossary of communication, University of Jyväskylä

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Impact assessment

The dictionary definition of an impact is an "effect of influence" and of assessment is

the "estimation of size, quality, value" (EURO European Centre for Health Policy,

ECHP, Brussels, 1999).

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Immunocompromised/ immunodeficient

Having an immune system that has been impaired by disease (which may also be

linked to a hereditary condition) or medical treatment.

 

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Immunization

Immunization (vaccination) works by stimulating the immune system, the natural

disease-fighting system of the body. The healthy immune system is able to recognize

invading bacteria and viruses and produce substances (antibodies) to destroy or

disable them. Immunizations prepare the immune system to ward off a disease. To

immunize against viral diseases, the virus used in the vaccine has been weakened or

killed. To immunize against bacterial diseases, it is generally possible to use only a

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Immunity

The condition of being immune. Immunity can be innate'for example, humans are

innately immune to canine distemper'or conferred by a previous infection or

immunization.

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Immune

Protected against infection, usually by the presence of antibodies.

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Hygiene practices

An essential, though often under-recognized and under-supported, component of the

infective disease control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or

healthcare-associated infection. This includes a series of practices including prevention

(via hand hygiene/hand washing, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization, vaccination,

surveillance), monitoring/investigation of demonstrated or suspected spread of

infection within a particular health-care setting (surveillance and outbreak

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