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Glossary

Emergency department

The department of a hospital responsible for the provision of medical and surgical care

to patients arriving at the hospital in need of immediate care. Emergency department

personnel may also respond to certain situations within the hospital such as cardiac

arrests. The emergency department is also called the emergency room or ER.

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Emergency

A sudden and usually unforeseen event that calls for immediate measures to minimize

its adverse consequences. (UN DHA). Emergency is a term describing a state. It is a

managerial term, demanding decision and follow-up in terms of extra-ordinary

measures (Oxford Pocket Dictionary, 1992).A "state of emergency" demands to "be

declared" or imposed by somebody in authority, who, at a certain moment, will also lift

it. Thus, it is usually defined in time and space, it requires threshold values to be

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Effectiveness

1. The process through which activities are undertaken at the most appropriate level

and with the most valuable execution (GIGNOS, 2004)

2. A measure of the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or

service, when deployed in the field in routine circumstances, does what it is intended to

do for a specific population; a measure of the extent to which a health care

intervention/activity fulfills its objectives.

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Ebola

Ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus. It is a severe and often fatal disease. It

can affect humans and other primates. Researchers believe that the virus first spreads

from an infected animal to a human. It can then spread from human to human through

direct contact with a patient's blood or secretions.

Symptoms of Ebola may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the

virus. Symptoms usually include

• Fever

• Headache

• Joint and muscle aches

• Weakness

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

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Early warning system

A disease surveillance and response system designed to detect as early as possible

any departure from the usual or normally-observed frequency or phenomenon.

The set of capacities is needed to provide timely and meaningful information to enable

individuals and communities threatened by hazards to act in sufficient time and in an

appropriate manner to reduce the possibility of personal injury, loss of life and

livelihoods, damage to property and the environment, and to prepare for effective

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Early warning

The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that

allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and

prepare for effective response. (ISDR)

 

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Early action

Often used in conjunction with 'early warning', the term refers to either 'preventive

action' or 'early response action'. "Processes of consultation, policy making, planning,

and action to reduce or avoid armed conflict. These processes include: i)

diplomatic/political; ii) military/security; iii) humanitarian; and iv) development/

economic activity." (Diller, 1997:7). (FEWER)

 

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E-government

Electronic Government' (or in short 'e-Government') essentially refers to ‘The utilization

of Information Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs),

and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on

the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector.’ (Jeong, 2007).

e-Government promotes and improves broad stakeholders contribution to national and

community development, as well as deepen the governance process.

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E-democracy

The utilization of electronic communication technologies, such as the Internet, in

enhancing democratic processes within a democratic republic or representative

democracy. It is a political development still in its infancy.(1)

 

(1) United Nations Economic and Social Council, Definition of basic concepts and

terminologies in governance and public administration, UNESC Report, E/C.16/2006/4

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Dual use concern

Dual use research of concern: research that, based on current understanding, can be reasonably anticipated to provide knowledge, products, or technologies that could be directly misapplied by others to pose a threat to public health, agriculture, plants, animals, the environment, or materiel (1)

 

  1. The white house Office of science and technology policy : http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/biosecurity

 

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Action plan on Science in Society related issues in Epidemics and Total pandemics
European Commission
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612236.

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