Glossary

Cluster sampling

A sampling design commonly used in retrospective mortality surveys when

comprehensive lists of individual households cannot be obtained. Clusters are groups

of households of which the first is chosen at random, and the remainder by a rule of

proximity (e.g. second closest). In a cluster mortality survey, 30 or more clusters are

usually sampled from the target study population, and each cluster usually contains at

least 30 households. (1)

 

(1) Checchi and Roberts, Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian

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Cluster

An aggregation of cases of a disease, injury, or another health condition in a

circumscribed area during a particular period without regard to whether the number of

cases is more than expected (often the expected number is not known). A cluster

refers to a grouping of health-related events that are related temporally and in

proximity. Typically, when clusters are recognized, they are reported to public health

departments in the local area. If clusters are of sufficient size and importance, they

may be re-evaluated as outbreaks.

 

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Closed-ended questions

Closed-ended questions limit the answers of the respondents to response options

provided on the questionnaire.

Advantages: time-efficient; responses are easy to code and interpret; ideal for

quantitative type of research

Disadvantages: respondents are required to choose a response that does not exactly

reflect their answer; the researcher cannot further explore the meaning of the

responses (1)

 

(1) TELL ME Project: Flu from A to Z

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Clarification (communication technique)

“Clarification” facilitates the self-understanding underlying, through oral

communication, the emotions associated to content. This is clear both at oral and nonoral

communication. “I can see in your eyes that you’re worried”; “From your words I

can feel you’re uncertain about what I’m saying”.(1)

 

(1) TELL ME Project

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Civil society

Civil society is a vital component of governance and decentralization, the one

component that is supposed to vigilantly hold those in power accountable and to

promote democracy. Simply put, civil society is that sphere of action independent of

the State, within the realm of private sector and civil organizations, capable of

stimulating resistance to and change in undemocratic regimes. Civil society

organizations include non-governmental organizations, professional and private sector

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Civil military coordination (CMCoord)

The dialogue and interaction between civilian and military actors in humanitarian

emergencies that is necessary to protect and promote humanitarian principles, avoid

competition, minimize inconsistency, and when appropriate pursue common goals.

Basic strategies range from coexistence to cooperation. Coordination is a shared

responsibility facilitated by liaison and common training. (OCHA)

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Civil military cooperation (CIMIC)

The coordination and cooperation, in support of the mission, between a military

commander and civil actors, including the national population and local authorities, as

well as international, national and non-governmental organizations and agencies.

 

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Civil defense organization

Any organization that, under the control of a government, performs the functions

enumerated in paragraph 61 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of

1949.

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Civil defense

The system of measures, usually run by a governmental agency, to protect the civilian

population in wartime, to respond to disasters, and to prevent and mitigate the

consequences of major emergencies in peacetime. The term "civil defense" is now

used increasingly. (UN DHA)

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Chronic disease

A chronic disease is one that lasts for a long time. During that time, it may be

constantly present, or it may go into remission and periodically relapse.

Acute vs. Chronic Disease

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a

broken bone to an asthma attack. A chronic condition, by contrast is a long-developing

syndrome, such as osteoporosis or asthma. Note that osteoporosis, a chronic

condition, may cause a broken bone, an acute condition. An acute asthma attack

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